Summary: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease of the macula with progressive damage to the retina, irreversible loss of vision and the inability to live independently. There are two forms of AMD: the "dry" form, which is more common, is characterized by slow and progressive degeneration of the RPE, and the "wet" form, which is more aggressive.
AMD is the most common cause of legal blindness in developed countries in people over 60 years of age. It has been estimated for the Polish population that the number of patients with AMD is approximately 1.2–1.5 million, of whom 10–15% have the wet form. Early and comprehensive ophthalmological examination is the basis for correct diagnosis. Amsler test self-examination by a patient at home is a simple, indicative eye control method that should be recommended by GPs to detect early changes of the retina. Moreover, clinicians should make more effort to reduce the risk of developing or delay the progression of AMD.
There are currently no effective treatment methods available to reverse changes typical of dry AMD. Early clinical examination allows only for quick detection of patients who can benefit from antioxidant supplementation and change of habits. Current treatment methods of the wet form of AMD allow only to slow down or inhibit the process leading to central vision loss. In Poland, treatment of patients with the wet form of AMD is carried out as a national treatment program since 2015. This program is financed from public funds, set in selected ophthalmic centers and covers the costs of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections.
Due to the aging of society, increasing incidence and prevalence of AMD, there is a need for new treatment methods with a long-lasting effect and which are more effective. Hopefully, this will reduce the burden and both the social and individual costs of treatment.