Summary: Resistant hypertension (RH) is a seemingly frequent clinical problem, encountered in daily practice of a family doctor. It is estimated that RH occurs in 10–13% of hypertensive patients. This percentage would surely considerably increase if target blood pressure levels were reduced. However, according to most recent 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines and the 2019 Guidelines of the Polish Society of Hypertension, after meeting all criteria included in the new definition of resistant hypertension and pseudoresistance, the incidence of true resistant hypertension is probably < 10% of patients treated due to arterial hypertension. Resistant hypertension in comparison to properly controlled hypertension results in a higher risk of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD), higher incidence of chronic renal disease and premature cardiovascular incidents. The risk is also associated with the number of administered hypotensive drugs.