Summary: Peanut allergy is an IgE-mediated food allergy, particularly prevalent in the pediatric population. Peanuts are considered the most common cause of food-induced anaphylactic reactions. A diagnosis of peanut allergy reduces the quality of life of children and their families. Peanut allergy is on the rise worldwide. Diagnosis is made on the basis of unequivocal symptoms of IgE-mediated allergy after eating peanuts and confirmation of sensitization by performing sIgE and/ or PTS. Frequently used additional tests is the basophil activation test. In some patients, an oral challenge test is required for diagnosis. Peanut allergy treatment is based on an elimination diet and patient education on how to deal with anaphylaxis, especially on the technique and circumstances of adrenaline administration. In patients with peanut allergy, the benefits of qualifying for oral immunotherapy should be considered. In the prevention of peanut allergy, it is recommended to introduce peanuts to the child's diet early enough, especially in the group of children at high risk of allergy.