Summary: The number of new cases of lung cancer is still increasing, with a high prevalence of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and advanced stages at recognition. Careful lung cancer diagnosis is crucial for planning therapy. Distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, accurate staging according to the latest, 8th classification and molecular characteristics of the tumor is recommended. Targeted therapy is dedicated to patients with confirmed EGFR, ALK and/or ROS1 alterations. New methods of immunotherapy are found to be effective in achieving the prolonged survival of patients in advanced and metastatic disease. Pembrolizumab was approved as the first line of treatment in NSCLC cases with high expression of PD-L1 on cancer cells (≥ 50%). The new medications nivolumab and atezolizumab have also been approved. Precise diagnosis and the implementation of new methods constitute real progress in lung cancer treatment in recent years.