Summary: Diseases of the ear are among the most frequent childrenʼs infections in the family doctorʼs practice. Ear inflammations can be divided into acute and chronic, depending on how long symptoms persist. The diagnosis is mainly based on an otoscopic examination and the correct interpretation of local changes together with the patientʼs overall condition. Inflammations of the outer ear are usually mild and only require topical treatment. In acute otitis media, a “watch and wait” strategy is followed in the first 24-48 hours. Treatment starts with symptom relief (paracetamol, ibuprofen); if symptoms continue or intensify, antibiotics are introduced ‒ amoxicillin at a dose of 80-90 mg/kg body mass per day. Chronic otitis media is a condition that lasts at least three months. Chronic otitis media can be divided into suppurative, simple, and secretory (with effusion). Surgical treatment is aimed at improving middle ear ventilation, performing a tympanostomy or removing pathological changes such as a cholesteatoma from the tympanic cavity. If the course of otitis media is serious, with worrying general symptoms, including a high fever, persistent purulent discharge from the external auditory canal, and if intratemporal or intracranial complications are suspected, the patient should be sent to a hospital emergency department for evaluation, verification, and possibly surgical treatment at a childrenʼs otolaryngology ward.