Summary: Urinalysis is an important diagnostic tool in the primary care physician’s practice, allowing noninvasive and inexpensive diagnosis of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and chronic glomerulonephritis at an early, asymptomatic stage. In the case of patients presenting acute symptoms of urinary tract disorders, it quickly provides information essential for make a diagnosis. However, it is not fully used because of difficulties with the correct interpretation of the results. Urinalysis consists of macroscopic evaluation of urine physicochemical properties and microscopic evaluation of urine sediment. It should be performed in patients with suspected kidney disease or with chronic disease that may affect the kidneys and in patients with diagnosed nephropathy to monitor the course of the disease. Furthermore, it is used for the diagnosis of pathology of the urinary system, e.g. urolithiasis.