Summary: Despite significant technical improvements, the mortality of hemodialysis (HD) patients remains high. Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is an alternative method of renal replacement therapy that combines diffusive and convective clearance, and therefore removes more middle-molecular-weight uremic toxins, ensures better fluid balance and hemodynamic stability. Recent studies show that it can be associated with improved patient survival, providing adequate blood flow and convection volumes are achieved. The paper briefly reviews the basic technical aspects of HDF, its beneficial effects on different clinical end-points in comparison with HD, and the indications for the treatment.