Summary: Anemia is one of the most common diseases of the hematopoietic system and yet it is still an undervalued medical problem and often poses diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Among the causes of anemia, iron deficiency is the most common in children. It can occur at any age, but it is mainly observed during periods of intense growth, in the first two years of life and during puberty. Due to the direct impact of anemia on the development of the body and the quality of life, especially in the first year of life, deep diagnosis and treatment, as well as the use of iron deficiency prophylaxis in specific cases is of great importance.