Summary: Diverticular disease of the colon is a common gastrointestinal disorder and an important public health problem in developed countries. Its etiopathogenesis is multifactorial and involves interactions between environmental, dietary, genetic, neuromuscular, inflammatory, and microbiota-related factors. A key role is attributed to insufficient dietary fiber intake, leading to increased intestinal contractility, hypertrophy of the muscular layer, elevated intraluminal pressure, and formation of diverticula, most commonly within the sigmoid colon. Epidemiological data indicate an increasing prevalence of the disease with age and in populations adopting a Western lifestyle. Although diverticulosis is asymptomatic in most patients, approximately 20 -30% develop symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits, constituting symptomatic diverticular disease. In some cases, the disease may progress to complications including acute diverticulitis, perforation, fistula formation, obstruction, or bleeding. Current evidence suggests that disturbances of the enteric nervous system, chronic low-grade inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis, and impaired production of short-chain fatty acids contribute substantially to disease development and symptom generation. Dietary factors remain among the most important modifiable determinants of diverticular disease. High dietary fiber intake, particularly above 25 -30 g/day, is associated with a significantly lower risk of disease development and complications. Soluble dietary fiber exerts beneficial effects through improvement of stool consistency, reduction of intraluminal pressure, modulation of intestinal transit, and prebiotic activity. Particularly promising data concern partially hydrolyzed guar gum containing galactomannan, which may improve bowel regularity, reduce abdominal symptoms, promote short-chain fatty acid production, and beneficially modulate gut microbiota composition. Further studies are needed to optimize dietary recommendations and clarify the role of soluble dietary fiber in diverticular disease management.